War and sovereignty
Ukraine’s struggle for sovereignty reads in three periods: independence declared in 1991, the first military phase in 2014, the full-scale invasion in 2022. The headings below take each period subject by subject.
By subject
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Culture and identity
32
Language, memory, heritage under fire, and what a country decides to protect when it cannot protect everything.
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War economy
32
Budgets, currency, trade routes, labour and reconstruction finance — how an economy keeps running while it is being attacked.
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Humanitarian dimension
32
Displacement, civilian infrastructure, health, and the human accounting that sits underneath every economic figure.
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Foreign relations
32
Alliances, accession, sanctions, arms and aid — the outside decisions that set what is possible inside.
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Domestic balance
32
Institutions, governance, corruption, elections deferred — how a state holds itself together under permanent emergency.
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