Foreign trade flows, free trade agreements, customs practice and the practical mechanics of entering the Ukrainian market.
Austrian banking groups expanded across central and eastern Europe faster than anyone, and Ukraine was among their destinations. What that presence brought, what it cost when…
Switzerland appears near the top of Ukraine's trade statistics for a reason that has nothing to do with Swiss consumption. Understanding why explains a great deal…
Italian industrial equipment goes east, Ukrainian labour goes west, and the relationship has survived every political rupture of the past twenty years without meaningful interruption. The…
Ukraine is one of the largest consumer markets in Europe by population and one of the least covered by the companies that should be looking at…
Similar starting points in 1991, similar populations, similar Soviet industrial inheritance. Thirty years later the per-head gap is large, and the explanation is mostly resource endowment…
Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Hungary and Moldova were treated as secondary relationships for two decades. Between 2014 and 2023 they became the routes through which the entire…
The argument for openness is usually made in terms that persuade nobody. The real case rests on three specific mechanisms — the cost of capital, technology…
For most of the 2000s Ukraine received the low grade of everyone's export range. That was not a preference; it was a consequence of how the…
Membership took effect on 16 May. It binds tariffs, opens services, subjects trade policy to a dispute mechanism — and removes the last legal obstacle to…
The primary sources this archive rests on. All of them official bodies or institutional data providers.
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